Essay --

Through an examination of the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes (Nematoda), Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda, an obvious pattern of evolutionary advances is present. As one moves across these seven phyla, developments in traits such as methods of acquiring nutrition, the digestive system, the circulatory system, the nervous system, and the gas exchange system could easily be noted. Other observations could be logged regarding the development of the excretory system, the reproductive system, development, body plan, symmetry, and ecological niche. A look at the contrasting qualities of these phyla provides a clear understanding of their evolutionary advances. From filter-feeding to taking in food through the mouth, the methods of acquiring nutrition among the first seven phyla show a distinct evolutionary advancement. In the most basic phylum, Porifera, the sessile sponges receive nutrients through a system of filter-feeding, in which the organism uses its ostia, or pores, and chaonocytes, or flagellated collar cells that create water currents, to filter in water. The organism is then able to remove algae and other food particles from the water in order to acquire its food. In contrast to the phylum Porifera, the next phylum, Cnidaria is composed of carnivorous organisms, so thus they prey on other animals, unlike Porifera (who wait for their food to come to them). Cnidarians have nematocysts, or stinging cells, which allow them to paralyze and kill their prey. They are then able to use their tentacles to bring their food to their mouths. All of the subsequent phyla also take in food using their mouths, and hunt their prey (if carnivorous) using different methods. It is in the following phylum, ... ...opods prey on smaller organisms. Like the Mollusca phylum, there are many arthropods that serve as a food source to humans. Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda, the first seven phyla, have a distinct connection in their evolutionary traits. A distinct grasp on the connections between the evolutionary advances of the seven phyla is easily acquired upon looking at the differing aspects of these phyla. In traits like methods of acquiring nutrition, the digestive system, the circulatory system, the nervous system, the gas exchange system, and the excretory system, a distinct line can be drawn from start to finish. In other traits like the reproductive system, development, body plan, symmetry, and ecological niche, one could easily log the improvement as the transition is made across the spectrum of phyla.

English as an International Language

There are lots of languages in the world and some of them fall into the category of international languages or languages of wider communication, such as French, English, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian and Arabic. All these languages are the official languages of the United Nations. Among all these languages English is rightly considered to be the international language of the world, though English has assumed the function of the ‘world language’ quite recently. It was only in the 1930 that the British Foreign Office stopped using French for all its official memoranda.Nowadays it is estimated that besides 300 millions native speakers, there are 300 millions who use English as the second language and 100 millions use it as a foreign language. It is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries and is spoken extensively in other countries where it has no official status. A very marked rise is evident in the use of English for occupation purposes: En glish is the international language of the air, and failure to use it efficiently can endanger passenger safety.English is the language of banking and industry: many international firms, based in non-English countries conduct their entire operations throughout the world in English. Two thirds of all scientific papers are written in English. Over 70% of all mail is written and addressed in English. Most international tourism is conducted in English. There aren’t any linguistic reasons why English might be the world language, because to anyone learning English it’s neither more simple nor more complex than any other language. English is easy to master to some extent, because it has a simple system of declension.Some linguists divide the use of English into three circles. The inner circle is the traditional base of English and includes countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, the USA and former colonies: Australia, New Zealand and some others. English is the native language or mother tongue of most people in these countries. In the outer circle are those countries where English has official or historical importance. This means most of the Commonwealth (the former British Empire), including high-populated countries such as India and Nigeria and others under the American sphere of influence, such as the Philippines.Here English may serve as a language for mutual understanding between ethnic language groups. Higher education, the legislature and judiciary, national commerce and so on may all be carried out predominantly in English. And the expanding circle refers to those countries where English has no official role, but nevertheless is important for certain functions, notably international business. This use of English includes most of the rest of the world. In conclusion I would like to say that the knowledge of the English language nowadays is important for career. It increases your salary by 30%.

The Opium Problem Of China During The Nineteenth Century...

The opium problem in China during the nineteenth century was primarily viewed as an issue created by foreign traders bringing opium into their empire. Zhu Zun and Xu Naiji wrote memoranda in 1863 elucidating their diverging view to the government on how to combat the issue of opium use and trade. Xu advocated for the relaxing of anti-opium laws as a means of reducing illegal smuggling, while Zhu contends that more stringent enforcement of anti-opium laws is the preferable policy, which Commissioner Lin supports in his edict to foreign traders. Xu’s memorandum advocates for the government allowing opium to be brought into China by foreign traders as a taxable good as the best way to combat the opium problem. Xu views strict laws against opium as ineffectual for tackling the drug problem in China, noting in the first paragraph that, â€Å"the more severe the interdicts against [opium] are made, the more widely do the evils arising therefrom spread† (Xu page 1). While he acknowledges the addictive and destructive effects of opium on those who use it, Xu believes that the stricter the laws proscribing the dissemination and use of opium, the more widely used the drug becomes. Xu argues that the prohibitions against the opium trade led to increased smuggling by foreign traders and increased use of the drug across China. Conversely, when the state’s policy towards opium was one of leniency, in which opium was allowed into China and taxed as a medicine, the issues involving opium wereShow MoreRelatedChinese Im migration Of The United States985 Words   |  4 PagesChinese Immigration to the United States in the nineteenth century until 1870 was shaped by a combination of factors including internal political turmoil and financial instability throughout China, growing western Imperial and economic influences in South East Asia, China s deepening trade deficit with European nations, and industrial and technological innovations. 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